## NAME

i.pansharpen.py - Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels

## KEYWORDS

imagery, fusion, sharpen, Brovey, IHS, HIS, PCA

## SYNOPSIS

i.pansharpen.py
i.pansharpen.py --help
i.pansharpen.py [-sl] red=name green=name blue=name pan=name output=basename method=string [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

### Flags:

-s
  Serial processing rather than parallel processing
-l
  Rebalance blue channel for LANDSAT
--overwrite
  Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
  Print usage summary
--verbose
  Verbose module output
--quiet
  Quiet module output
--ui
  Force launching GUI dialog

### Parameters:

red=name [required]
  Name of raster map to be used for <red>
green=name [required]
  Name of raster map to be used for <green>
blue=name [required]
  Name of raster map to be used for <blue>
pan=name [required]
  Name of raster map to be used for high resolution panchromatic channel
output=basename [required]
  Name for output basename raster map(s)
method=string [required]
  Method for pan sharpening
  Options: brovey, ihs, pca
  Default: ihs

## DESCRIPTION

i.pansharpen uses a high resolution panchromatic band from a multispectral image to sharpen 3 lower resolution bands. The 3 lower resolution bands can then be combined into an RGB color image at a higher (more detailed) resolution than is possible using the original 3 bands. For example, Landsat ETM has low resolution spectral bands 1 (blue), 2 (green), 3 (red), 4 (near IR), 5 (mid-IR), and 7 (mid-IR) at 30m resolution, and a high resolution panchromatic band 8 at 15m resolution. Pan sharpening allows bands 3-2-1 (or other combinations of 30m resolution bands like 4-3-2 or 5-4-2) to be combined into a 15m resolution color image.
i.pansharpen offers a choice of three different 'pan sharpening' algorithms: IHS, Brovey, and PCA.
For IHS pan sharpening, the original 3 lower resolution bands, selected as red, green and blue channels for creating an RGB composite image, are transformed into IHS (intensity, hue, and saturation) color space. The panchromatic band is then substituted for the intensity channel (I), combined with the original hue (H) and saturation (S) channels, and transformed back to RGB color space at the higher resolution of the panchromatic band. The algorithm for this can be represented as: RGB -> IHS -> [pan]HS -> RGB.
With a Brovey pan sharpening, each of the 3 lower resolution bands and panchromatic band are combined using the following algorithm to calculate 3 new bands at the higher resolution (example for band 1):

                             band1
        new band1 = ----------------------- * panband
                     band1 + band2 + band3

In PCA pan sharpening, a principal component analysis is performed on the original 3 lower resolution bands to create 3 principal component images (PC1, PC2, and PC3) and their associated eigenvectors (EV), such that:

         band1  band2  band3
    PC1: EV1-1  EV1-2  EV1-3
    PC2: EV2-1  EV2-2  EV2-3
    PC3: EV3-1  EV3-2  EV3-3

    and

    PC1 = EV1-1 * band1 + EV1-2 * band2 + EV1-3 * band3 - mean(bands 1,2,3)

An inverse PCA is then performed, substituting the panchromatic band for PC1. To do this, the eigenvectors matrix is inverted (in this case transposed), the PC images are multiplied by the eigenvectors with the panchromatic band substituted for PC1, and mean of each band is added to each transformed image band using the following algorithm (example for band 1):

    band1' = pan * EV1-1 + PC2 * EV2-1 + PC3 * EV3-1 + mean(band1)

The assignment of the channels depends on the satellite. Examples of satellite imagery with high resolution panchromatic bands, and lower resolution spectral bands include Landsat 7 ETM, QuickBird, and SPOT.

## NOTES

The module currently only works for 8-bit images.
The command temporarily changes the computational region to the high resolution of the panchromatic band during sharpening calculations, then restores the previous region settings. The current region coordinates (and null values) are respected. The high resolution panchromatic image is histogram matched to the band it is replaces prior to substitution (i.e., the intensity channel for IHS sharpening, the low res band selected for each color channel with Brovey sharpening, and the PC1 image for PCA sharpening).
By default, the command will attempt to employ parallel processing, using up to 3 cores simultaneously. The -s flag will disable parallel processing, but does use an optimized r.mapcalc expression to reduce disk I/O.
The three pan-sharpened output channels may be combined with d.rgb or r.composite. Colors may be optionally optimized with i.colors.enhance. While the resulting color image will be at the higher resolution in all cases, the 3 pan sharpening algorithms differ in terms of spectral response.

## EXAMPLES

Pan sharpening of a Landsat image from Boulder, Colorado, USA:

    # R, G, B composite at 30m
    g.region raster=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_10 -p
    d.rgb b=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_10 g=lp034r032_7dt20010924_z13_20
        r=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_30

    # i.pansharpen with IHS algorithm
    i.pansharpen red=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_30 green=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_20
        blue=p034r032_7dt20010924_z13_10 pan=p034r032_7dp20010924_z13_80
        output=ihs321 method=ihs

    # display at 15m
    g.region raster=ihs321_blue -p
    d.rgb b=ihs321_blue g=ihs321_green r=ihs321_red

Results:

R, G, B composite of Landsat at 30m | R, G, B composite of Brovey sharpened image at 15m
R, G, B composite of IHS sharpened image at 15m | R, G, B composite of PCA sharpened image at 15m"

Example: LANDSAT ETM+ (Landsat 7), North Carolina sample dataset:

    # original at 28m
    g.region raster=lsat7_2002_10 -p

    d.mon wx0
    d.rgb b=lsat7_2002_10 g=lsat7_2002_20 r=lsat7_2002_30

    # i.pansharpen with IHS algorithm
    i.pansharpen red=lsat7_2002_30@PERMANENT \
      green=lsat7_2002_20 blue=lsat7_2002_10 \
      pan=lsat7_2002_80 method=ihs \
      output=lsat7_2002_ihs

    # display at 14.25m
    g.region raster=lsat7_2002_ihs_red -p
    d.erase
    d.rgb r=lsat7_2002_ihs_red g=lsat7_2002_ihs_green b=lsat7_2002_ihs_blue

    # compare before/after (RGB support in "Advanced"):
    g.gui.mapswipe

    # optionally color balancing:
    i.colors.enhance r=lsat7_2002_ihs_red g=lsat7_2002_ihs_green b=lsat7_2002_ihs_blue

## SEE ALSO

i.his.rgb, i.rgb.his, i.pca, d.rgb, r.composite

## REFERENCES

- Original Brovey formula reference unknown, probably...
  Roller, N.E.G. and Cox, S., (1980). Comparison of Landsat MSS and merged MSS/RBV data for analysis of natural vegetation. Proc. of the 14th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, San Jose, Costa Rica, 23-30 April, pp. 1001-1007
- Amarsaikhan, D., Douglas, T. (2004). Data fusion and multisource image classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(17), 3529-3539.
- Behnia, P. (2005). Comparison between four methods for data fusion of ETM+ multispectral and pan images. Geo-spatial Information Science, 8(2), 98-103.
- Du, Q., Younan, N. H., King, R., Shah, V. P. (2007). On the Performance Evaluation of Pan-Sharpening Techniques. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE, 4(4), 518-522.
- Karathanassi, V., Kolokousis, P., Ioannidou, S. (2007). A comparison study on fusion methods using evaluation indicators. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(10), 2309-2341.
- Neteler, M, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello (2005). An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1):51-61 (PDF)
- Pohl, C, and J.L van Genderen (1998). Multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: concepts, methods and application. Int. J. of Rem. Sens., 19, 823-854.

## AUTHORS

Michael Barton (Arizona State University, USA)
with contributions from Markus Neteler (ITC-irst, Italy); Glynn Clements; Luca Delucchi (Fondazione E. Mach, Italy); Markus Metz; and Hamish Bowman.

Last changed: $Date: 2014-12-19 22:55:37 +0100 (pá, 19 12 2014) $

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