## NAME

v.buffer - Creates a buffer around vector features of given type.

## KEYWORDS

vector, buffer, area, circle, geometry, line

## SYNOPSIS

v.buffer
v.buffer --help
v.buffer [-sct] input=name [layer=string] [cats=range] [where=sql_query] [type=string[,string,...]] output=name [distance=float] [minordistance=float] [angle=float] [column=name] [scale=float] [tolerance=float] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

### Flags:

-s
  Make outside corners straight
-c
  Do not make caps at the ends of polylines
-t
  Transfer categories and attributes
--overwrite
  Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
  Print usage summary
--verbose
  Verbose module output
--quiet
  Quiet module output
--ui
  Force launching GUI dialog

### Parameters:

input=name [required]
  Name of input vector map
  Or data source for direct OGR access
layer=string
  Layer number or name ('-1' for all layers)
  A single vector map can be connected to multiple database tables. This number determines which table to use. When used with direct OGR access this is the layer name.
  Default: -1
cats=range
  Category values
  Example: 1,3,7-9,13
where=sql_query
  WHERE conditions of SQL statement without 'where' keyword
  Example: income < 1000 and inhab >= 10000
type=string[,string,...]
  Input feature type
  Options: point, line, boundary, centroid, area
  Default: point,line,area
output=name [required]
  Name for output vector map
distance=float
  Buffer distance along major axis in map units
minordistance=float
  Buffer distance along minor axis in map units
angle=float
  Angle of major axis in degrees
  Default: 0
column=name
  Name of column to use for buffer distances
scale=float
  Scaling factor for attribute column values
  Default: 1.0
tolerance=float
  Maximum distance between theoretical arc and polygon segments as multiple of buffer
  Default: 0.01

## DESCRIPTION

v.buffer creates a buffer around features of given type, which have a category in the given layer. The tolerance controls the number of vector segments being generated (the smaller the value, the more vector segments are generated).

## NOTES

Internal buffers for areas can be generated with negative distance values ("inward buffer" or "negative buffer").

Categories and attributes can be transferred with the t flag. The resulting buffer areas can have multiple categories, and multiple buffer areas can have the same category. The buffer for the input feature with category X can thus be retrieved by selecting all buffer areas with category X (see example below).

Buffers for lines and areas are generated using the algorithms from the GEOS library.

## EXAMPLES

All examples are based on the North Carolina sample dataset.

### Buffer around input lines

    v.buffer input=roadsmajor output=roadsmajor_buffer type=line distance=100

Buffer of 100m along the "roadsmajor" lines (map subset, original center line shown in black)

### Circles around input points

    v.buffer input=hospitals output=hospitals_circled type=point distance=2000

Buffer of 2000m around the "hospitals" points (map subset, original points shown in black, new area centroids in red)

### Circles around input points with attribute transfer

    v.buffer input=hospitals output=hospitals_circled type=point distance=1000 -t

    # display buffer around hospital with category 36,
    # this buffer is composed of several areas:
    d.vect map=hospitals_circled type=area layer=1 cats=36
    # extract this buffer, dissolving boundaries
    v.extract in=hospitals_circled output=hospital_36_circled layer=1 cats=36 -d

### Buffer around input areas

    v.buffer input=lakes output=lakes_buffer type=area distance=100

Buffer of 100m around the "lakes" polygons (map subset, original areas shown in black)

## REFERENCE

- GEOS Library

## SEE ALSO

r.buffer, v.parallel, v.extract, v.type, v.patch, v.db.connect

## AUTHORS

Radim Blazek
Rewritten by Rosen Matev (with support through the Google Summer of Code program 2008)
Rewritten by Markus Metz (2011, 2012)

Last changed: $Date: 2014-04-30 17:38:24 +0200 (st, 30 IV 2014) $

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